On the Hierarchy of Perpetrators During the Armenian Genocide

Authors

Abstract

N/A

Author Biography

Suren Manukyan, Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute of NAS RA; Yerevan State University

PhD, Deputy Director of the Armenian Genocide Museum & Institute (Yerevan, Armenia) as well as lecturer at the departments of History and Oriental Studies of Yerevan State University.
His current research focuses on the social-psychological dimension of the Armenian Genocide. It is based on his Fulbright research project “The Sociology of Armenian Genocide: Perpetrators, Bystanders, and Rescuers vs. Victims, Survivors, and Betrayers” conducted at the Center for the Study of Genocide and Human Rights at Rutgers University, New Jersey.
He is a member of the International Association of Genocide Scholars and he was director of the IAGS’s twelfth conference “Comparative Analysis of 20th Century Genocides” (Yerevan, 8-12 July 2015).

References

Dinah L. Shelton (ed.), Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes against Humanity, vol. 2 (New York: Macmillan Reference USA, Thomson Gale, 2004), 790.

The full text of the UN Convention on Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide is available at https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/AH386.pdf

See Vahakn N. Dadrian and Taner Akçam, Judgment at Istanbul: The Armenian Genocide Trials (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2011)

Meline Anumyan, Tchanachum yev datapartum: Yeritturkeri datavarutyunnery (1919-1921 tt. yev 1926 t.) [Recongnition and Condemnation, The Young Turks Trials (1919-1921 and 1926)] (Yerevan: Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute, 2013).

http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/France.php

Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn (eds.), The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1990).

Taner Akçam, A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility (London, Macmillan. 2007).

Vahakn Dadrian, The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus (Providence, RI: Berghahn Books, 2003).

Robert Melson, Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992).

Jacob M. Landau, Pan-Turkism: From Irredentism to Cooperation (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995).

Kazım Nami Duru, Ziya Gökalp (İstanbul, 1965).

Arsen Avagyan, Genocid armyan: mekhanizmi prinyatiya I ispolneniya resheniy [Armenian Genocide: Mechanisms of Decision-making and Implementation] (Yerevan, Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute, 2013).

René Pinon, “La Liquidation de L`Empire Ottoman,” Revue des Deux Mondes 53 (September, 1919): 131, 139-140 in Vahakn N. Dadrian, Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1999).

Dogan Avcioglu, Milli Kurtulu Tarihi, Vol. 3 (Istanbul: Istanbul Publications, 1974).

Vahakn N. Dadrian, “The Role of Turkish Physicians in the World War I Genocide of Ottoman Armenians,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 1(2) (1986).

Vahakn N. Dadrian, “The Secret Young-Turk Ittihadist Conference and the Decision for the World War I Genocide of the Armenians,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 7(2) (1993).

Norman M. Naimark, Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002).

Abram Elkus, The Memoirs of Abram Elkus: Lawyer, Ambassador, Statesman (Princeton, NJ: Gomidas Institute 2004).

Erik Jan Zürcher, Turkey: A Modern History, 3rd ed. (London: I. B. Tauris, 2004), 110.

Henry Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1918).

Christopher J. Walker, Armenia: The Survival of a Nation (London: Croom Helm, 1980).

Avetis Papazyan (ed.), Hayeri tseghaspanutyuny yst erittutkeri datavarutyan pastatghteri [Armenian Genocide through the Documents of Young Turk Trials] (Yerevan: AS of ASSR Press, 1989).

The Young Turks’ Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012).

Nikolay Hovhannisyan, Hayeri 1915 t. tseghaspanutyan lusabanutyuny arabakan patmagrutyan mej [The 1915 Armenian Genocide Coverage in the Arab Historiography], Patmabanasirakan handes (Historical-Phililogical Journal) 1(1989).

Said Amin, Vosstaniyе Arabov v XX Vеке [The Arab Rebellions of XX c.] (Мoscow: Progress, 1964).

Donald Bloxham, The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).

Şinasi Orel and Süreyya Yuca (ed.), “Affaires arméniennes, les “télégrammes” de Talât Pacha- Fait historiuqe ou fiction? ”, Société turque de histoire (France: Triangle, 1983): 117, no. 29.

Kemal Karpat, “Population Movements in the Ottoman State in the Nineteenth Century: an Outline,” in Contributions à l’histoire économique et sociale de l’empire ottomane; eds. Jean-Louis Bacque-Grammont and Paul Dumont (Paris: Editions Peeters, 1983).

Cengiz Orhonlu, Osmanli Imparatorlugu’nda Aşiretlerin Iskâni (Istanbul: Eren, 1987).

Ugur Ümit Üngör, The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-50 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

Donald Bloxham, “The First World War and the Development of the Armenian Genocide,” in Ronald Grigor Suny, Fatma Müge Göcek, Norman M. Naimark (eds.), A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

Alex Alvarez, Governments, Citizens, and Genocide: A Comparative and Interdisciplinary Approach (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2001).

Amy Newman, The Nuremberg Laws: Institutionalized Anti-Semitism (San Diego: Lucent Books, 1998).

Hecht Ingeborgand, Invisible Walls and To Remember is to Heal: A German Family under the Nuremberg Laws, translated from German by J. Brownjohn and J. Broadwin (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1999).

Kutay C., Talat Pasanin Gurbet Hatiralan (The Memoirs of Talat Pasa in Exile), vol. 2 (Istanbul, 1983).

Jack Nusan Porter, “Introduction: What is Genocide: Notes toward a Definition,” in Genocide and Human Rights: A Global Anthology, ed. Jack Nusan Porter (Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1982).

Irving Louis Horowitz, Taking Lives: Genocide and State Power (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1980).

Taner Akcam, “The Ottoman Documents and the Genocidal Policies of the Committee for Union and Progress (Ittihat ve Terakki) toward the Armenians in 1915,” Genocide Studies and Prevention 1(2), 2006.

Faiz EI-Ghusein, Martyred Armenia (London: C. A. Pearson, 1917).

Hilmar Kaiser, The Extermination of Armenians in the Diarbekir Region (Istanbul: Bilgi University Press, 2014).

Üngör Ugur Ümit, Mehmet Polatel, Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property (London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2011).

Hans-Lukas Kieser, “From ‘Patriotism’ to Mass Murder: Dr. Mehmed Reşid (1873-1919),” in Ronald Grigor Suny, Fatma Müge Göcek, Norman M. Naimark (eds.), A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

Wolfgang Gust (ed.), The Armenian Genocide: Evidence from the German Foreign Office Archives, 1915-1916 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2014).

Fatma Müge Göçek, The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era (London: I.B.Tauris, 2011).

M. Nersisyan (ed.), Hayeri tseghaspanutyuny Osmanyan kaysrutyunum [Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire] (Yerevan: “Hayastan”, 1991).

Vahakn N. Dadrian, “The Determinants of the Armenian Genocide,” Journal of Genocide Research 1:1(1999).

Taner Akçam, “The Ottoman Documents and the Genocidal Policies of the Committee for Union and Progress (Ittihat ve Terakki) toward the Armenians in 1915,” Genocide Studies and Prevention 1:2(2006).

Raymond Kévorkian, The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History (London: I.B.Tauris, 2011).

Vahakn N. Dadrian, “The Documentation of the World War I Armenian Massacres in the Proceedings of the Turkish Military Tribunal,” Journal of Political and Military Sociology 22 (1994).

G. A. Abrahamyan and T. G. Sevan-Khachatryan (eds.), Russkiye istochniki o genocide armyan v Osmanskoy imperii-1915-1916 gody [Russian Sources on the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire – 1915-1916] (Yerevan: Areresum-ANI, 1995).

M. Nersisyan and R. Sahakyan (eds.), Genocid armyan v Osmanskoy imperii [Armenian Genocide in Ottoman Empire] (Yerevan: “Hayastan”, 1983).

James Bryce and Arnold Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 1915-16: Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden by Viscount Bryce ( London: 1916).

Herbert Gibbons, Posledniye izbiyeniya v Armenii [The Last Brutalities in Armenia] (Petrograd, 1916).

Johannes Lepsius, Bericht über die Lage des Armenischen Volkes in der Türkei (Potsdam: Tempelverlag, 1916).

Hilmar Kaiser, “’A Scene from the Inferno,’ The Armenians of Erzerum and the Genocide, 1915-1916,” in H. L. Kieser and D. J. Schaller (eds.), Der Völkermord an den Armeniern und die Shoah (Zürich: Chronos, 2002).

Vahakn N. Dadrian., “The Agency of ‘‘Triggering Mechanisms’’ as a Factor in the Organization of the Genocide Against the Armenians of Kayseri District,” Genocide Studies and Prevention 1:2(2006).

James J. Reid, Crisis of the Ottoman Empire: Prelude to Collapse 1839–1878 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2000).

James J. Reid , “Militarism, Partisan War, and Destructive Inclinations in Ottoman Military History: 1854-1918,” Armenian Review 39, no. 3/155(1986): 6–11.

Arnold J. Toynbee, The Western Question in Greece and Turkey: A Study in the Contact of Civilizations (London: Constable and Co., 1923).

Ryan Gingeras, Sorrowful Shores: Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 1912–1923 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).

Taner Akçam, From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide (New York: Zed Books, 2013).

Arif Cemil (Denker), I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa (Istanbul: Arba, 1997).

Aram Antonian, Mets votchiry [The Great Crime] (Yerevan: Arevik, 1990), 53-54.

Ahmed Refik, yerku komite, yerku votchir [Two Committees, Two Crimes] (Yerevan, 1997).

Suat Parlar, Osmanli`dan Günümüze Gizli devlet (Islanbul, 1997).

Arsen Avagyan, Cherkesskiy factor v Osmanskoy imperii i Turtsii [The Circassian Factor in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey] (Yerevan: Gitutyun, 2001).

Taner Akçam, Turetskoye natsipnalnoye “Ya” i armyanskiy vopros, [Turkish National “I” and Armenian Question] is available at http://armenianhouse.org/akcam/genocide/application.html

Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes against Humanity, vol. 2.

Paul R. Brass, “The Partition of India and Retributive Genocide in the Punjab, 1946-47: Means, Methods, and Purposes,” Journal of Genocide Research 5:1(2003).

Gustave Le Bon, The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (New York: Dover Publications, Inc.; Reprint edition, 2002).

James E. Waller, Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).

Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York: Penguin Group, 1994).

Günel G., “İttihat Terakki’den Günümüze YekTarz-ı Siyaset: Türkleştirme, BelgeYayınları”, (İstanbul, 2006).

Halil Menteşe Osmanlı Mebusan Meclisi Reisi Halil Menteşe’nin Anıları, (İstanbul: Hürriyet Vakfı Yayınları, 1986).

Steven K. Baum, The Psychology of Genocide: Perpetrators, Bystanders, and Rescuers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

Christos Papoutsy, Ships of Mercy, The True Story of the Rescue of the Greeks, Smyrna, September 1922 (Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Peter E. Randall, 2008).

Hayk Demoyan, Haykakan sportn u manmnamarzuty Osmanyan kaysrutyunum [Armenian Sport and Gymnastics in the Ottoman Empire] (Yerevan: Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute, 2009).

C. E. Bosworth, “The Concept of Dhimma in Early Islam”, in Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society, ed. B. Braude and B. Lewis, 2 vols, (New York and London, 1982).

Jason D’Cruz, “Rationalization as Performative Pretense,” Philosophical Psychology 28, no. 7: 980-1000. Siegfried Zepf, “About rationalization and intellectualization,” International Forum օf Psychoanalysis 20:3 (2011), 148-158.

Mihran P. Dabag, “The Decisive Generation: Self-Authorization and Delegations in Deciding a Genocide,” in Genocide: Approaches, Case Studies, and Responses, ed. Graham C. Kinloch (New York: Algora Publishing, 2005).

Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (New York: Vintage, 1997).

Leo Kuper, “Theological Warrants for Genocide: Judaism, Islam, and Christianity,” in Confronting Genocide: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, ed. Steven Leonard Jacobs (Plymouth:: Lexington Books, 2009).

US National Archives, Record Group (RG) 59.867.00/1361, Bristol`s October 23, 1920 report to Washington, pp. 1-2.

Downloads

Published

2016-11-15

How to Cite

Manukyan, S. (2016). On the Hierarchy of Perpetrators During the Armenian Genocide. International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies, 3(1), 4–25. Retrieved from http://agmipublications.am/index.php/ijags/article/view/32